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Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ((イタリア語:Ordine al merito della Repubblica Italiana)) was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951.〔Sainty, Guy Stair ''World Orders of Knighthood and Merit'' (pp.1233-4) Buckingham: Burke's Peerage and Gentry, 2006〕 The highest ranking honour of the Republic, it is awarded for "merit acquired by the nation" in the fields of literature, the arts, economy, public service, and social, philanthropic and humanitarian activities and for long and conspicuous service in civilian and military careers. The post-nominal letters for the order are OMRI.〔''The linguist: Journal of the Institute of Linguists'', Volumes 42-44 Institute of Linguists (Great Britain). Institute of Linguists, 2003, pg. 121〕
The order effectively replaced as national orders the Civil Order of Savoy (1831), the Order of the Crown of Italy (1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572) and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (1362), which the sovereign, as Grand Master, did not abdicate on the abolition of the monarchy and continues to award in exile as ''fons honorum''.〔(Ordini Cavallereschi del Regno d'Italia ) Corpo della Nobiltà Italiana (retrieved 10 September 2009)〕 Today, these continue merely as dynastic orders of the former Royal House of Savoy. Whilst their bestowal is suppressed by law in Italy, the continued use of those decorations conferred prior to 1951 is permitted, exclusive of any right of precedence in official ceremonies.〔(LEGGE 3 marzo 1951, n. 178 ) ''Istituzione dell'Ordine "Al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" e disciplina del conferimento e dell'uso delle onorificenze'' (Gazzetta Ufficiale 30 marzo 1951, n. 73)〕
==Grades==
Investiture takes place biannually on 2 June, anniversary of the foundation of the Republic and on 27 December, anniversary of the promulgation of the Italian Constitution. However, those awards on Presidential ''motu proprio'', related to termination of service or granted to foreigners may be made at any time. The badge, modified in 2001, bears the inscription ''Al Merito della Repubblica'' encircling the national coat of arms on the obverse and the Latin ''Patriæ Unitati'' (the union of the country) and ''Civium Libertati'' (the liberty of the people) encircling the head of Italia Turrita on the reverse.〔By Decree of the President of the Republic No. 173 of 30 March 2001〕 The five degrees with corresponding ribbons are as follows (with numbers to June 2013):
The order is bestowed by decree of the President of the Italian Republic, as head of the orders of knighthood, on the recommendation of the President of the Council of Ministers. Except in exceptional circumstances, no one can be awarded for the first time a rank higher than Knight. The minimum age requirement is normally 35.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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